A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within or around the brain. Brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their effects can vary depending on their type, size, location, and rate of growth.
Some brain tumors grow slowly and may cause few or no symptoms initially, while others can grow rapidly and put pressure on important areas of the brain. Early evaluation and appropriate treatment are therefore important when symptoms suggest the possibility of a brain tumor.
What Causes a Brain Tumor?
In many cases, the exact cause of a brain tumor is not known. Brain tumors develop when cells undergo genetic changes that cause them to grow or divide abnormally.
Some factors may increase the risk of developing certain types of brain tumors, including:
- Previous exposure to high-dose radiation to the head
- Certain inherited genetic conditions
- A family history of some types of brain tumors
- Specific genetic or molecular changes within brain cells
However, having a risk factor does not necessarily mean that a person will develop a brain tumor. In many patients, no specific cause can be identified.
Common Symptoms of Brain Tumor
The symptoms of a brain tumor can differ considerably depending on where the tumor is located and how large it is.
Common brain tumor symptoms may include:
- Persistent or progressively worsening headaches
- Nausea or vomiting, particularly when associated with other neurological symptoms
- Blurred or double vision
- Seizures or convulsions in a person who has not previously experienced them
- Weakness or numbness in an arm, leg, or one side of the body
- Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- Problems with balance or coordination
- Changes in memory, concentration, personality, or behavior
- Excessive drowsiness or changes in consciousness
A headache alone does not necessarily indicate a brain tumor. However, a new, persistent, or progressively worsening headache—especially when accompanied by neurological symptoms should be medically evaluated.
How Is a Brain Tumor Diagnosed?
If a brain tumor is suspected, a neurosurgeon or neurologist may recommend a neurological examination and appropriate imaging studies.
Common diagnostic tests include:
MRI of the Brain
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the most important imaging tests used to evaluate brain tumors. It can provide detailed information about the tumor’s location, size, and relationship with surrounding brain structures.
CT Scan
A CT scan of the brain may also be used, particularly in emergency situations or when rapid imaging is required.
Biopsy and Histopathological Examination
In selected cases, a tissue sample may be obtained through a biopsy or during surgery. Laboratory examination of the tissue helps determine the exact tumor type and other important characteristics.
The diagnosis and treatment plan should always be individualized according to the patient’s clinical condition and the characteristics of the tumor.
Brain Tumor Treatment
The treatment of a brain tumor depends on several factors, including:
- Type of tumor
- Tumor size and location
- Whether the tumor is benign or malignant
- Rate of tumor growth
- The patient’s age and overall health
- Neurological symptoms
- Molecular and pathological characteristics of the tumor
Depending on these factors, treatment may include observation, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of treatments.
Brain Tumor Surgery
Surgery may be recommended when the tumor can be safely removed or when obtaining tissue for an accurate diagnosis is necessary.
The goals of brain tumor surgery may include:
- Removing as much of the tumor as safely possible
- Relieving pressure on the brain
- Reducing neurological symptoms
- Obtaining tissue for definitive diagnosis
- Improving the effectiveness of subsequent treatment when required
Modern neurosurgical techniques are designed to maximize tumor removal while protecting important areas of the brain and preserving neurological function whenever possible.
Radiation Therapy and Other Treatments
Radiation therapy may be recommended for certain types of brain tumors, either after surgery or as part of the primary treatment.
Some patients may also require chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or other specialized treatments depending on the tumor’s pathological and molecular characteristics.
When Should You Consult a Neurosurgeon?
You should seek medical evaluation if you experience persistent or progressively worsening neurological symptoms, unexplained seizures, significant changes in vision, speech, movement, memory, or behavior, or other symptoms that concern you.
Early assessment can help determine the underlying cause and allow appropriate treatment to be considered when necessary.
Brain Tumor Treatment by Prof. Dr. Haradhan Deb Nath
Prof. Dr. Haradhan Deb Nath is a Professor of Neurosurgery with extensive experience in the management and surgical treatment of complex neurological conditions, including brain tumors and other intracranial disorders.
He regularly evaluates and treats patients with brain tumors and provides individualized treatment plans based on the type, location, size, and clinical characteristics of the tumor. His neurosurgical practice includes the assessment and management of complex brain and spinal conditions, with an emphasis on appropriate diagnosis, surgical planning, and patient safety.
If you or a family member has been diagnosed with a brain tumor or has symptoms that may require neurological evaluation, consultation with an experienced neurosurgeon can help determine the appropriate diagnostic and treatment pathway.